Challenges for UN Peacekeeping in South Sudan

Challenges for UN pink of my John care in South SudanThe challenges faced by AU and UN Peacekeeping surgical operation in divvy uping the Security Dilemma in South Sudan exchange African Republic. (A case battleground of Somalia and Sudan).Introduction Since the emergence of human history warf atomic number 18 has been a worldwide social bear on, which has led to the evolution of the social authority of soldiers and array institutions. Therefore peacekeeping operation is regarded as the contemporary cordial process institutionalised as an essential mission after the cold war. condescension been treated as a new mission emerging in the primeval 1990s coupled f subdivisionings peacekeeping has been in existence all over half a century ago and its aim was to put on military existence as a means of achieving pr serveical goals (James, 1997).Over the medieval five decades the issue of trans communityal peace and aegis has dominated the inter farmingalist political s ystem. The uncertain and ambiguous development in international coincidence has unbrokenly revealed the need to promote the partnership in international peacekeeping. In this respect the united nation has spent decades improving its capacity to handle with international peace and surety threats strongly and consistently (Seagal and Seagal, 1993).The sense that OAU (Organisation of African Unity) failed to provide better life for the African people and in umpteen instances fail to offer basic protection for several countries, which led to its rehabilitation by the AU (African Union) in 2001. The new organisation aimed to address the miscellaneous injustices being carried out by some of the member assigns against their citizens. The Aus underlying am was to promote democratic principle institution, good governance and popular fraternity as well as the promotion of human rights peace, stability and security (Reynold, 2002). The African union has established conf designd bo dies, protocols, institutions and mechanics. It is mainly to concentrate on creating architecture of peace and security to fight out the throng of challenges its facing. done the protocol relating to the establishment of Peace and Security Council 2002 (AU, 2002), mandated the 15 member of the PSC to lease peacemaking, peace building and peacekeeping. The chairperson of the Au is guided by the commissioner obligated for peace and security to administer operational support to the PSC and take the inevitable step to balk, manage and resolve fights.Peacekeeping is one of the various activities initiated by the united nation and other international bodies in regulate to take international peace and security worldwide. concord to Frank (1997) peacekeeping is a mechanism created to maintain peace, however when delicate it might be when the scrap stops they also play a role in implementing the proportionateness achieve by the peacemakers. Peacekeeping mission keep back played primeval roles in settling armed conflicts by manning buffer zones between contrary parties and only use force to protect themselves in situation that ar life threatening. Peacekeeping operations are usually in miniature size units send to areas where peace processes and ceasefire agreement has been administered between adverse parties as well as suspensoring in maintaining the ceasefire agreement as an just third party (Paul, 1993). The mission activities vary and are operated by multinational forces formed of peacekeeper mainly from united nation member reads or other international bodies.Problem statementThe main aim of this check is to image the challenges and dilemma faced by AU and UN peacekeepers, therefore I depart make use of the crisis in Somalia and Congo to see the likely challenges and dilemmas to this phenomenon as well as the propound strategies to making peace keeping handling more effective in Africa. The study ordain identify steps and strategies to be taken to cement and bolster peace as it is the study challenge to peacekeeping in Africa. In gild for the peacekeeping to be effective knock- ingest(a) and accurate in its operational mandate hefty and accurate arm embargo enforcement, strict cease fire agreement, outlining effective war buffer zones as well as involving the civil ordering n the peace process (ww.un.org).The African union and united nation has played reveal roles in negotiating of peace agreements, assisting in cutting down the level of conflicts various regions mainly in Africa. However few of these accords n certain countries failed to take hold in particular countries such as Angola 1993 and Rwanda 1994. Furthermore the current situation in Darfur Sudan, DRC and Somalia have seen lesser overbearing change, which resulted to serious refugee problem and internally displaced person compounding to more security situation in and around particular conflict areas (Berman and Sam, 2000).It has been predicted tha t nearly of the countries touch in war in Africa lapse back to war at bottom couple of years due to various challenges. This has therefore indicated that, n order to prevent conflicts re-occurring, the implementation of the peace agreement has to in a sustainable manner. These types of conflicts are known to be infectious and can easily spew over its effect to neighbouring countries unfolding new ones, for examples the war Chad and Central African Republic.On e of the main is that there has been a systematic heedlessness of the African security situation by the three Western role UK, USA and France after the cold war. This signifies the importance of African nations to in good order fag the ongoing global reform and try to establish a changeless solution to its conflicts. As the condition United Nation secretary world(a) Kofi Annan echoed in his advice that member states have to tone of voice for alternative solution of handling conflicts in various regions.Research Quest ionHence conflicts are close to likely to occur the African Union must start to look for particular mechanism the will help them address and manage conflicts indoors the continent effectively.The research will therefore aim to settle to answer these particular questions.What are the challenges facing AU and UN PKOs in Africa and how can these challenges be tackled?What type of collective action should the African Union and United Nation take to ensure that national authorities manifestly stick to peace treaties in order to protect the life of the citizens?What are the other non military intervention tactics or strategies that can be use to generate peace and the prevention of civilian lives?Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to look into the various mechanisms tactics and strategies that can be use in order to address the peacekeeping security challenges faced by the United Nation or the African Union in South Sudan and Central African Republic.The man objectives of this study areTo identify the challenges confronting UN peacekeeping in Africa, using UN PKO in Somalia and Sudan as a case study.To design strategies and mechanism towards effective UN peacekeeping in Africa.Literature ReviewIn order to understand peacekeeping and the relate issues, the study needs to elaborate on the history, legality and the theoretical understanding of conflict locate and then quiz the peacekeeping concept and approaches which gives us a route to address the various challenges face by AU and UN peacekeeping missions.Concept of contradictConflict resolution emerge from the 1950s and 1960s during the peak of the cold war, when the conflict between the superpowers and the development of nuclear weapon which threatens humanity. A group of scholars throw the pregnant of studying conflict as a common phenomenon with related properties despite its occurrence in the field of international relation, domestic politics, industrial relation and community mediation in both civil and international conflicts (Waltz, 2007).Conflict is therefore define as an influential process in which frameworks, behaviours and attitudes are continuously changing and influence one and another. Conflict evolves when both parties come into a disagreement or their relationship becomes oppressive.Theories of conflict resolutionConflict resolution is a broad term, which ensures that the main causes of conflicts are address and resolves. It is referred to the theory of problem solving in order to achieve the sought after outcome. The resolution addresses the main causes of the conflict, the changing behaviours and attitude as well as the structures and this will ensure that the attitudes are not hostile behaviours are no longer violent and the structures are not exploitative. Therefore the process entails the awareness of the problems by identifying its nature and applying the relevant resolution methods.Preventive Diplomacy According to (Battit, 2002), the term preve ntive diplomacy was first used by former UN secretary general Dag Hammarskjold in 1960 and since then the approach have evolve remarkably. It is referred to sprinkler system of intervention predominantly used to reduce and prevent violence. The main purpose of preventive diplomacy is to prevent arm conflicts from adventure and it include actions such as mediation, adjudication, conciliation, facilitation and arbitration were conflict vast (Muggah and White, 2003). It is a scope used to forecast and hinder conflicts and therefore grasp the early warning surveillance and preventive deployment of forces. The gathering of information, negotiations and fact finding are the basis of preventive diplomacy.The concept of peacekeepingPeacekeeping has been define by Un as an operation which comprises of military personnel without enforcement powers created by united nation to help restore and maintain international peace and security in conflict affect area (United Nation, 1985). Peacekeepin g is used to encompass a huge range of mission which includes peace building and diplomatic peacemaking components. The key function of peacekeeping is to facilitate the transition from conflict situation to state of peace (James, 1990). According to Ratner, (1996) that peacekeepers need to maintain compliance of the host state and the other parties involve in the dispute to act impartially and act in a non violent mannerChallenges to peacekeepingAfter various successful united nation peacekeeping operations such as the likes of UNAVEM, UNIMOZ and UNEF, most of the missions in Africa fail to be a success specially in Somalia. The challenges that hinder the effectiveness of AU and UN peacekeeping n Africa are not uncommon in the continent. The study will therefore analyse these challenges and offer solution that may bolster the capacity to manage next operations in Africa (Gockerham, 1995). The study will offer various strategies to help understand the sensitivity of the people coo peration and commitment of the warring factions. These strategies include rapid deployment, robust operational mandates, acquiring of troops from develop countries, effective arm embargo enforcement, adequate funding and logistic and the involvement of the civil company in the peace process.Research Design The research will use an empirical approach with the use of case studies of various peace keeping missions as well the behaviour governments and the international community. The study acknowledges that the AU and UN peacekeeping in Africa s afflicted with various challenges. Therefore the research will be design base on the case studies of previous peacekeeping operation in Somalia and Sudan.Research MethodThe instruments that will b use for data collection will be book, journals, magazines, the internet and newspapers. Electronic media, create and unpublished materials from libraries will also be used in assemblage data. Additionally the study will aim to offer strategies and mechanisms that can be use to overcome the various challenges facing AU and UN Peace keepers in Africa to ensure that peacekeeping operations are successful and lead to continuous peace in Africa.Validity/LimitationThe approach of case study holds an uncertain place in the study of social science as the main criticism is based on its generalisability (Reinharz, 1992). According to Punch (1998) the properly conducted case studies, especially in situation where our knowledge is not deep, throttle or non existence has a valuable contribution to make as an in-depth case study will provide the understanding of a significant aspect of a new and diligently research area.RESEARCH TIMETABLEApril adumbrate of the analysis chapters.May Draft of the theory chapter implications and conclusions.June decree first three chapters Rationale, Literature Review, Research Methods and Design.July Revise Data Analysis and Theory chapters. Revise for final submission.ReferencesAfrican Union in a Nutshe ll, African Union, 2007, http//www.africa-union.org/root/au/ AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm, accessed 8 February 2007.Babbitt, E. F. (2012). Preventive diplomacy by intergovernmental organisations Learning from practice. transnational Negotiation, 17, 349-388. http//dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341236James, L. R. and M. D. McIntyre. 1996. Perceptions of Organizational Climate. In Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations, edited by K.R. Murphy. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Muggah, R., White, N. (2013). Is there a preventive action renaissance? The insurance policy and practice of preventive diplomacy and conflict prevention. NOREF. Retrieved from http//www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/ victor/application/00175abccdb1df5f006c8 e4.Paul Reynolds, African Union Replaces Dictators Club, BBC News, 8 July 2002, http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm, accessed 8 February 2007.0da206643.pdf.Punch, K. (2000) Developing Effective Research Proposals, London, C alifornia, New Delhi Sage.Reinharz, S. (1992) Feminist Methods in Social Research, New York Oxford University Press.Segal, David R. and Mady Wechesler Segal. 1993a. Peacekeepers and Their Wives American Participation in the Multinational king and Observers. Westport, Conn Greenwood Press.United Nations, The Blue Helmets, 1985, p. 3.